Islamic Civilization During the Caliphate of Abu Bakr al-Siddiq and Umar ibn al-Khattab

Abstract

This research aims to study the development of Islamic civilization during the reigns of the Caliphs Abu Bakr al-Siddiq and Umar ibn al-Khattab, as a significant phase of the era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs. The importance of this research stems from the necessity of understanding the dynamics of Islamic leadership after the death of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him), which led to major transformations in the system of governance and the political, social, and cultural aspects of the Islamic state. The research focuses on analyzing the administrative policies and civilizational contributions of each Caliph to the building and development of Islamic civilization. The research findings show that Islamic civilization during the reign of Abu Bakr al-Siddiq was characterized by efforts to consolidate the stability of the Islamic state by suppressing the apostasy movements, addressing the issue of those who refused to pay Zakat (obligatory alms), and compiling and codifying the Holy Quran to preserve its text. During the reign of Umar ibn al-Khattab, Islamic civilization witnessed remarkable development, manifested in the expansion of the Islamic state, the organization of government administration, the establishment of the treasury (Bayt al-Mal), the founding of the judicial system, and the more systematic organization of military and economic affairs. Thus it becomes clear that the leadership of Abu Bakr al-Siddiq and Umar ibn al-Khattab made a fundamental contribution to laying the solid foundations of Islamic civilization in the political, legal, economic and social fields.